Chronology of Important Events

Chronology of Important Events

Date
Event

3rd century B.C.
Iron weapons in use; Xiongnu invasion of China repulsed

2d-1st centuries B.C.
Nomads expand west; pressure on China continues

1st-2d centuries A.D.
Renewed attacks on China

A.D. 317
Xianbei conquer northern China

386-533
Period of Northern Wei Dynasty, established by the Toba in
northern China mid-8th century

Possible early Mongol links with Tibetan Buddhism

916-1125
Period of Kitan Liao Dynasty, established over eastern
Mongolia, Manchuria, and northern China

1038-1227
Tangut Western Xia Dynasty, established in northwestern
China

1115-1234
Jurchen establish Jin Dynasty in Manchuria, northern China

1139-47
Jurchen defeat Mongols in Pamirs

1196-1206
Temujin unites Mongols, assumes title of Chinggis Khan

1209-15
Mongols conquer south to Beijing, west to Lake Balkash

1220-26
Southwest Asia conquered; invasion of Europe and China

1227
Chinggis dies

1231
Korea invaded

1235
Capital rebuilt at Karakorum

1237-41
Expedition into Europe that was halted at Vienna with death
of Ogedei

1240-1480
Suzerainty over Russia established by Golden Horde (see Glossary)
Conquest of Song China

1260
Mongols defeated by Egyptian Mamluks

1261
Khubilai becomes great khan

1274 and 1281
Unsuccessful attempts at invasion of Japan

1279
Yuan Dynasty established in China

1368
Yuan Dynasty destroyed; Mongols driven back into Mongolia

1388
Chinese troops destroy Karakorum

1391
Timur defeats Golden Horde

1400-54
Civil war ends Mongol unity

1409-49
Renewed Mongol invasions of China

1466
Dayan Khan reunites most of Mongolia

1480-1502
Muscovites end Mongol control of Russia; last of Golden
Horde defeated

1571
Mongols end 300-year war with China

1586
Buddhism becomes state religion

1641-52
Russians defeat Buryat Mongols, gain control of Lake Baykal
region

1672
Mongols raid Siberia and Russia

1691
Most Khalkha Mongols accept suzerainty of Manchus, absorbed
into Chinese empire (Qing Dyansty 1644-1911)

1728
Sino-Russian Treaty of Kyakhta redefines traditional
Mongolian borders

1732
Dzungar Mongols defeated; Mongol independence ended

1750s
Chinese divide Mongolia into northern, Outer Mongolia (see Glossary),
and Southern, Inner Mongolia (see Glossary)

1783
Last reigning descendant of Chinggis in the Crimea deposed
by Russians

December 1, 1911
Outer Mongolia proclaims independence from China

December 28, 1911
Mongolia establishes autonomous theocratic government

November 3, 1912
Russia affirms Mongolia's separation from China

November 5, 1913
Sino-Russian agreement acknowledges Chinese suzerainty over
Mongolia

May 25, 1915
Treaty of Kyakhta formalizes Mongolian autonomy

September 1918
Chinese troops occupy Outer Mongolia

March-June 1920
Mongolian People's Party formed, establishes links with
Communist International (see Glossary) and Soviets

October 1920
Russian White Guards invade Mongolia

March 1-3, 1921
First National Party Congress of the Mongolian People's
Party held in Kyakhta, Soviet Union

March 13, 1921
Mongolian People's Provisional Government formed

July 1921
Mongolian-Soviet army drives out White Guards

July 11, 1921
Mongolian People's Government, a limited monarchy,
proclaimed

September 14, 1921
Mongolian independence proclaimed

November 5, 1921
Soviets recognize Mongolian People's Government

February 22, 1923
Revolutionary hero Damdiny Sukhe Batar dies

May 31, 1924
Sino-Soviet treaty recognizes Chinese sovereignty over
Mongolia

August 1924
Mongolian People's Party becomes Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party

November 6, 1924
First National Great Hural convenes

November 25, 1924
Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed; Soviet style state
constitution adopted; Niyslel Huree renamed Ulaanbaatar

March 1925
Soviet troops ostensibly withdraw

September 1927
Inner-party struggle at Sixth Party Congress

December 1928
Horloyn Choybalsan emerges as party leader

1929-32
Feudal estates confiscated; religious communities
suppressed

April-May 1932
Soviet troops help quell rebellions; party repudiates
extremism

November 27, 1934
Mongolian-Soviet "gentlemen's agreement" allows Soviet
troops into Mongolia

March 12, 1936
Treaty and mutual defense protocol signed with Soviet Union

1937-39
High-level government purges

1938
Buddhist monasteries closed

1939
Choybalsan emerges as undisputed leader

July-August 1939
Mongolian-Soviet joint force defeats Japanese at Khalkhyn
Gol

March-April 1940
Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal becomes party general secretary

August 10, 1945
Mongolia declares war on Japan

January 5, 1946
China recognizes Mongolia's independence

February 27, 1946
Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance and Agreement on
Economic and Cultural Cooperation signed with Soviet Union

February 1949
Ninth National Great Hural, first since 1940, convenes

January 26, 1952
Choybalsan dies

May 1952
Tsedenbal becomes premier

December 1952
Economic and cultural cooperation agreement signed with
China

April 1956
"Personality cult" of Choybalsan condemned

October 1956
New collective efforts start

July 6, 1960
New state Constitution adopted

October 27, 1961
Mongolia admitted to United Nations

January 1962
Choybalsan's "personality cult" again condemned

June 7, 1962
Mongolia joins Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(Comecon--see Glossary)

1966
Serious Mongolian-Chinese differences emerge

June 1974
Jambyn Batmonh becomes chairman of Council of Ministers;
Tsedenbal becomes chairman of the Presidium of the People's
Great Hural and continues as party first secretary

August 23, 1984
Tsedenbal retires; Batmonh becomes party general secretary

December 12, 1984
Batmonh elected chairman of Presidium of People's Great
Hural; Dumaagiyn Sodnom becomes premier

April 1986
Long-term trade agreement signed with China

January 15, 1987
Soviet Union announces intention to withdraw one of five
Soviet divisions stationed in Mongolia

January 27, 1987
Diplomatic relations established with the United States

November 28, 1988
Treaty on a border control system signed with China

March 7, 1989
Soviets announced that troop withdrawal plans had been
finalized